New mothers commonly feel a little sad, anxious or tired.as studies show that up to 80 percent of mothers .have these feelings and they last for a week or two after giving birth. which is completely normal and usually disappears within a few weeks. But postpartum depression is another matter entirely. Although some symptoms appear similar. postpartum depression is much stronger and lasts for a longer period. The severity of these feelings. on the mother and make self-care or taking care of the child difficult and difficult.
Postpartum depression should not be taken lightly. It is a serious disorder that may lead a mother to harm her baby or commit suicide.but at the same time it can be overcome with appropriate treatment.
What are the symptoms of postpartum depression?
Most of the symptoms of postpartum .depression are similar to those of normal depression.and knowing the main symptoms .of postpartum depression may help you to recognize the illness early and seek medical help,.which may spare the mother and family long suffering. Symptoms of postpartum depression vary from woman to woman and even from day to day. and the following are the most important and common symptoms:
• Feeling sad or crying, for no apparent reason.
• Exhaustion, inability to sleep.
• Oversleeping.
• Inability to stop eating, or lack of interest in food at all.
• The presence of many aches or pains or unexplained symptoms.
• Irritability, anxiety or anger, without knowing the reason for that.
• Mood swings suddenly and without warning.
• Feeling of losing control.
• Difficulty remembering things.
• Inability to focus or make simple decisions.
• Lack of interest in things the mother would normally enjoy.
• Feeling that there is no real bond with the child.
• Despair and extreme frustration.
• Feelings of extreme guilt.
• The desire to escape from everyone and everything.
• Having urgent thoughts about harming oneself or the newborn.
• Withdrawal from social activities and lack of desire to mix with others.
Symptoms are likely to start within a few weeks of giving birth. Sometimes, postpartum depression doesn’t appear until months later. Symptoms may stop for a day or two and then return. If left untreated, symptoms may continue to worsen.
What causes postpartum depression?
The exact cause of depression is still not completely clear. but it is certain that there are some factors that contribute to the occurrence of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression may be caused by a combination of physical changes and emotional stress.
• Hormonal factors: One of the biggest physical changes a woman faces after giving birth is the change in hormone levels. During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels are higher than normal, and within hours of birth, these hormones drop very quickly, returning to their pre-pregnancy levels. This sudden change sometimes leads to symptoms of postpartum depression. These hormones play a similar role in causing PMS that many women experience, but the changes that occur after childbirth are much stronger.
Other hormones may play a role in depression, especially low levels of thyroid hormone, or what is known as thyroid laziness.
• Lack of sleep.
• Substance misuse and excessive drinking of alcohol.
• The presence of a previous psychological problem increases the possibility of postpartum depression, as women with a previous mood disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder are more likely to occur than others.
• Emotional stressors such as the recent separation from the husband or his death, or family problems. or financial pressures. The lack of support provided by family and close people also plays a role in the occurrence of depression.

What are the ways to treat postpartum depression?
Recognizing the symptoms of postpartum .depression and seeking early medical help is the cornerstone of successful treatment. Treatment depends on two main lines: medication and psychotherapy. A doctor can use either one alone. but treatment may be more effective when used together.and it’s also important to include some healthy choices in your daily routine.
• Medications: Antidepressants have a direct effect on the brain. as they lead to chemical changes in the brain that regulate mood. But the negative point here is that these drugs are generally slow to act. as it takes several weeks from the start of taking the drug until signs of improvement appear. These medications sometimes have side effects including fatigue, decreased libido. dizziness, headache, weight gain, and diarrhea or constipation.
Drug treatment requires cooperation between the doctor, the patient and her family. When the side effects are severe or make the condition worse.the doctor should be informed to adjust the dose, or replace the treatment.
Most antidepressants are safe while you’re breastfeeding. but if you’re breastfeeding, be sure to tell your doctor so he can choose the most appropriate medication. The doctor should also be informed of any existing medical problems such as heart problems or epileptic seizures.
• Psychotherapy: A doctor or psychotherapist .can provide advice on psychotherapy that may help you understand your problem and. provide appropriate strategies for working through it.
• Ensuring a healthy lifestyle: by sticking to a balanced diet and doing some exercise on a daily basis. even if it’s just a walk in the neighborhood. On the other hand, it is important for the mother to get enough rest, although this may be difficult with a newborn baby who needs a lot of care.
Support from family and friends is more important than ever. It is essential that the mother communicates with the people she loves and trusts. understands the nature of her problem and mood swings, and listens to what she is experiencing and feeling.
Treatment helps most women feel better within six months.although it can take longer.

the reviewer:

• Healthline: Everything You Need to Know About Postpartum Depression
• MNT:What to know about postpartum depression

Twins spread around the world, and although a twin pregnancy is a source of joy and joy for parents, it is considered a worrying factor for doctors, as early birth is a common thing that exposes newborns to many complications, the most important of which are respiratory, digestive and nervous problems, and the mother is also exposed to the risk of gestational diabetes and high blood pressure. blood during pregnancy and others.
Most expectant mothers can reach the end of pregnancy safely, and often complications are simple and treatable if diagnosed early, as newborn jaundice and anemia can be easily treated in most cases, and monitoring and control of sugar and blood pressure numbers in the mother helps to avoid many dangerous complications .
True (identical) twins make up a small percentage of twins, and these twins result from the splitting of a cell mass into two groups, each of which forms an embryo. In some cases, this division fails completely, so the two fetuses remain conjoined and this is known as conjoined twins. What is it and why does it occur?
What are Siamese twins?
Siamese twins or conjoined twins are a rare type of twin in which part of the twins’ bodies are fused together. When this happens, the fusion usually occurs between the same parts of the body, for example between a head and a head or between a chest and a chest. The location and extent of the conjoining varies according to the type of case.
In most cases, there are severe congenital malformations, but advances in medicine and surgery have improved survival rates, and helped surgeons to surgically separate some conjoined twins.
What are the causes of conjoined twins?
This condition occurs in true twins, that is, those that arise from the same egg as a result of the lack of complete separation during the period of fetal life inside the womb. Although the reason is not completely specific, studies accuse the taking of some medications such as clomiphene, which is used to induce ovulation in women in the context of infertility treatment, or in some rare cases after mothers were exposed to valproic acid (sodium valproate), which is used in the treatment of epilepsy, and thistle has also been associated with Clefts in some cases of Siamese twins as well.
One of the misconceptions is that Siamese twins are caused by a genetic condition, as doctors were unable to detect any genes that could be responsible for this condition, and therefore there is no risk of recurrence of the condition in the same family.
What are the symptoms of Siamese twins?
There are no specific signs or symptoms that indicate a conjoined twin pregnancy. As with other twin pregnancies, the uterus is growing faster than a single pregnancy, and there may be more tiredness, nausea, and vomiting early in the pregnancy.
Siamese twins are usually classified according to the place where they are joined, and sometimes they are joined in more than one place. Twins may share one or more parts of the body. Conjoining in Siamese twins occurs in any of the following locations:
• Chest where they may have a common heart and may also share one liver and this is one of the most common locations for Siamese twins.
• The abdomen, where the adhesion occurs near the belly button, and here the twins do not share the same heart, but the liver is common, and they may share a part of the lower intestine.
• The head is in the back, front or side of it, but not the face. Here the twins share part of the skull bone and may share some brain tissue.
• In rare cases, Siamese twins may be conjoined to one twin that is smaller and less formed than the other (non-conjoined twins).
As with twins, conjoined babies are more likely to be born prematurely, and may be stillborn or die soon after birth. Severe health problems for twins such as difficulty breathing, cerebral palsy or heart problems may occur. In the long term, children also suffer from spinal problems such as scoliosis, learning and integration difficulties, and psychological problems.
How are conjoined twins diagnosed?
Siamese twins can be diagnosed using ultrasound as early as the end of the first trimester, and more detailed ultrasound and echocardiography can be used around the middle of pregnancy to determine the connection and functioning of the twins.
If conjoined twins are discovered by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed, which may provide more details about where the twins are joined and what organs they share. For the best possible treatment opportunities for children.
How are conjoined twins treated?
Dealing with conjoined twins is difficult and requires a highly experienced medical team to assess the severity of the condition and perform surgery if possible. This team includes obstetricians, pediatricians, neonatal intensive care specialists, cardiologists, thoracic and neurologists, and needs advice from radiologists, nutritionists and psychiatrists.
After the birth of conjoined twins, a full evaluation is made and decisions are made about their care and whether or not separating surgery is appropriate. This surgery may vary depending on exactly how the twins are conjoined, the age of the twins and the maturity of their organs.
In some complex cases, separation is not an option. The more complex the affected device, the more difficult the surgery. The twins may be conjoined at the top of their bodies and share a heart, making it nearly impossible to perform successful surgery, but with the advancement of medicine, more conjoined twins will be Able to benefit from successful separation surgery without any major complications.
the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Conjoined Twins
• Med Scape: Conjoined Twins
• Medicine Net: Conjoined Twins
• Very well Health: Overview of Conjoined Twin Separation Surgery

The birth of twins is considered a happy event. Having a twin in the house means more joy and joy, and more loving chaos for the parents, especially if the twins are identical so that it is difficult to distinguish between one and the other. Twins share the womb and share food, and later share childhood memories and distinct relationships develop between them, as parents notice a special communication between the twins, and studies indicate the presence of deliberate movements between the twins since the 14th week of pregnancy.
A twin pregnancy is the presence of more than one fetus in the mother’s womb, and these fetuses may be identical or not identical, and in both cases pregnancy is associated with higher rates of complications and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Why does twin pregnancy occur, and what are its problems?
What is a twin pregnancy?
If two or more babies develop in a woman’s womb at the same time, this is known as a multiple pregnancy. Twins may be twins or triplets, and in rare cases, pregnancy occurs with four or more twins. There are two main forms of twin pregnancy, identical (true) and non-identical twins, and there are some other forms, but they are rare.
• In the case of identical twins, the sperm meets the egg and fertilization takes place to form the first cells that will develop into an embryo. After that, this block of cells divides into two masses forming identical twins, and if one of the two parts of this egg separates again, we have three identical twins and so on. These twins share the same genes, so they have identical morphological features, and it is impossible to differentiate between them in many cases, and identical twins are always of the same sex. Identical twins also share common diseases. If one of the twins shows signs of a genetic disease, the other twin carries a high risk of developing the same disease.
In some cases, the division of the cell mass into two masses is delayed, so the two fetuses share one placenta, and they may be present in one sac sometimes. When the division is delayed more, the twins are born conjoined and this is called Siamese twins, which is a very rare but dangerous condition, as surgeons are unable to separate the two children from each other in many cases.
• As for non-identical twins, they arise from two separate eggs. Where two eggs are released from the ovary, and they are fertilized with two sperms. Therefore, identical twins do not share the same genes, and each of them has its own placenta to be nourished inside the womb in most cases, and the children may be of the same sex or of different sexes.
What are the causes of a twin pregnancy (Multiple Pregnancy)?
Pregnancy with identical twins (true twins) is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1 per thousand births, and the factors that lead to its occurrence are unknown.
While pregnancy with non-identical twins most commonly occurs, it is mainly related to genetics, as it usually occurs in women who have a family history of twins on the mother’s side. The chance of it occurring increases with age, because the ovary releases more than one egg at the same time in older women, and the rate of its occurrence increases in women who received treatment to induce ovulation, especially when resorting to assisted fertilization techniques (IVF) to treat infertility. Food type may play a role in the occurrence of a twin pregnancy, as milk and dairy products may stimulate the ovaries to produce more eggs in one menstrual cycle.
How is a twin pregnancy diagnosed?
The presence of a twin pregnancy is suspected based on several factors such as the presence of twins in the family, or the large size of the uterus relative to the expected gestational age, which may indicate the presence of conditions that lead to excessive enlargement of the uterus, such as a twin pregnancy, ascites, or hydatid molars, or if the woman received A fertility treatment that increases ovarian activity.
But usually the presence of a twin pregnancy can be confirmed through an ultrasound scan, where the doctor can accurately determine the presence of two or more fetuses, and upon examination, it must be determined whether the children share the same placenta or if they have separate placentas.How are twins born?
Although natural childbirth is possible in some cases of twin pregnancies, the rate of resorting to caesarean section may be high, especially in triple pregnancies, in order to avoid serious complications and ensure the safety of the mother and fetuses. Of course, this surgery is done under general or regional anesthesia and in the operating room, in the presence of a specialized and experienced obstetrician.
What are the risks of a twin pregnancy?
Premature birth is one of the most common risks for a twin pregnancy, as the baby is usually born at the completion of (39-40) weeks of gestation, but most twins are born prematurely, that is, approximately before the 37th week of pregnancy. Babies suffer from many problems related to premature birth such as feeding difficulties, insufficient breast milk, newborn jaundice, iron deficiency anemia, and they also have digestive and respiratory problems due to the insufficient maturity of the body’s organs.
Babies born prematurely need to be admitted to the incubators and prematurity department to receive medical care, and some of them may need extreme care and respiratory support, and they are more likely to have long-term problems such as hearing or vision problems or cerebral palsy, and they also suffer from respiratory diseases, the most important of which is asthma in common. Many of these children have developmental problems, learning difficulties, and intellectual disabilities.
Mothers have symptoms of early pregnancy such as nausea, vomiting and extreme tiredness, and may become increasingly constipated. The risk of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and gestational toxicity increases, and they are exposed to problems related to the placenta such as placenta previa or premature placental abruption, which causes bleeding in the last months of pregnancy and threatens the life of the mother and fetus. Postpartum depression occurs most commonly.
A twin pregnancy is a difficult pregnancy, and there are many problems and complications that affect the mother and fetuses, so the pregnant mother with twins must be closely monitored, which requires more visits than usual to the obstetrician and gynecologist to follow up the pregnancy, monitor the mother’s condition, and early intervention when necessary.the reviewer:

• HealthLine: Types of Twins
• National Health Service: Pregnant With Twins
• WebMD: All About Twins
• VeryWellFamily: Twin Pregnancy Risks and Prematurity

Birth Control is the use of different devices, medications, tools, practices, or surgeries to prevent pregnancy, and it enables people to choose the timing that suits their circumstances to have children. A range of devices and treatments are available for both men and women that can help prevent pregnancy.
No method of contraception is 100% guaranteed, and the quality of each method often depends on adherence and caution when using it. Contraceptive pills, for example, are more than 99% effective if used correctly, but this depends on the woman’s memory and her commitment to taking the medication daily and at a fixed time.
In general, the contraceptive method is divided into traditional practices, barrier devices, medications, and surgical methods. What are each method?
What are the natural means of contraception?
Conventional contraceptive methods do not involve any type of device or medication and include two main methods:
Abstaining: This means avoiding any sexual intercourse at times when a woman’s fertility is high.
• Withdrawal: Also known as intercourse, it means a man pulls his penis out of the vagina so that ejaculation occurs outside the vagina. In theory, this prevents sperm from entering the vagina, but in reality the effectiveness of this method does not exceed 80% only.
What devices can be used?
The barrier devices prevent sperm from reaching the egg. It can be combined with a spermicide, a substance that chemically kills sperm, in order to improve its effectiveness. The most important devices:
• The condom: It forms a barrier and prevents pregnancy by stopping sperm from entering the vagina. It is placed around the penis before sexual intercourse. It is made of polyurethane or latex. Condoms can also help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and are more than 80% effective in preventing pregnancy. Condoms are widely available in drugstores and stores.
• The female condom: It is made of polyurethane, and has two flexible rings at their ends. One is placed behind the pubic bone to hold the condom in place, while the other is kept outside the vagina. Spermicide can be placed in the vagina before intercourse. The female condom is 79% effective, less available than male condoms and more difficult to use.
• Sponge: It is placed inside the vagina, and it has a depression to be held in place through the cervix. Spermicide foam is put into the vagina using a thin medical device. The sponge acts as a barrier to stop sperm from reaching the egg.
• The veil: It is a rubbery, tip-like device that is placed inside the vagina and fixed through the cervix.
• Intrauterine device (IUD): It is a small, flexible, T-shaped device that is placed in the uterus by the doctor. It has two types:
• A copper coil that releases copper and acts as a spermicide.
• A hormonal IUD contains progesterone. It prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg by thickening the cervical mucus and making the uterine wall thin.
The IUD stays in place for several years as long as there is no desire to become pregnant, and is 99% effective.
The IUD is generally considered safe, but it may cause heavy menstruation in some women, increase the incidence of ectopic pregnancy, and, in rare cases, lead to infection causing PID.
What drugs and hormones are used to prevent pregnancy?
• Injections: a contraceptive drug that contains progesterone only. The injection is given every 3 months in a doctor’s office. It prevents pregnancy by preventing a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs. The injections are 94% effective, and the chance of pregnancy increases as the effect of the injection wears off. It is important to remember to schedule your next injection after 3 months to ensure its effectiveness.
• Contraceptive pills: The combined oral contraceptive pill is taken daily, and contains the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The hormones stop ovulation and make the lining of the uterus thin. Its effectiveness ranges between 91-95%.
The contraceptive pill is a popular method and is widely used by women, so its unwanted side effects should be taken into account such as weight gain, high blood pressure, headache and mood disturbance, and may sometimes be associated with more serious problems such as cardiovascular diseases, ischemic heart attacks, and others.
• The contraceptive patch: It is a patch placed on the skin, and it releases the synthetic hormones estrogen and progesterone. A patch is applied every week for three weeks in a row, usually on the lower abdomen or buttocks, and not in the fourth week to allow menstruation to occur. Its effectiveness is estimated at 91%.
• The vaginal ring that contains hormones: It is a flexible plastic ring that releases a low dose of progesterone and estrogen for 3 weeks, preventing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus, so that sperm cannot move easily. A woman inserts the ring into her vagina for 3 weeks and then removes it for a week. During this week, menstruation occurs.
• The implant: It is a small tube containing progesterone inside the skin of the woman’s upper arm, and its effectiveness lasts up to 4 years, but it can be removed at any time and pregnancy becomes possible. It is 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Emergency contraceptive pill: It can prevent pregnancy after intercourse. It prevents ovulation, insemination, or implantation of the fetus. It can be used within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, and its effectiveness is 95% during the first 24 hours, and decreases to 60% after that.

Bleeding in the last months of pregnancy is a common occurrence, as one out of every ten women has a vaginal bleeding in the last trimester of pregnancy, and although most of these cases are minor, some of them may be an indication of a serious problem that threatens the safety of The mother and the fetus, so this problem must always be dealt with cautiously and consult a doctor quickly.

What are the causes of bleeding in the last months of pregnancy?

When labor begins, the cervix begins to open or dilate, causing a small amount of blood mixed with normal vaginal secretions or mucus to come out, which is normal. Bleeding in the last months of pregnancy can also be caused by:

Having sex and causing a slight bleeding of several points of blood.
Internal examination by a doctor.
Diseases or infections affecting the vagina or cervix.
Uterine fibroids.
Having a problem in the cervix, such as cervical cancer.
More serious causes of bleeding in the last months of pregnancy may include:

Placental abruption: It is the most common cause of life-threatening bleeding in the last months of pregnancy, and it accounts for about 30% of cases, and it can happen at any time, but it is more common in the last trimester of pregnancy. It occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before the baby is born, and this separation causes vaginal bleeding, abdominal and back pain.
The reason for this separation is not clear, but it may occur because the blood supply to the placenta is insufficient, or the placenta may sometimes separate after an injury such as a car accident. Separation can occur in any woman, but it is more common in some cases, such as:

Chronic high blood pressure.
Gestational hypertension, especially if it is accompanied by complications such as preeclampsia.
Age greater than 35 years.
smoking.
Placental abruption in a previous pregnancy.
The bleeding may be more severe than it appears, because most of the blood may be trapped behind the placenta, and therefore it is not visible and cannot be estimated. On the other hand, the fetus is not able to obtain an adequate amount of blood, which threatens its safety and life.

Placenta previa: It is a pregnancy problem in which the placenta grows in the lower part of the uterus instead of the upper part, when the placenta may partially or completely block the cervix (the lower part of the uterus), which is the passage through which the fetus passes. In many cases, the placenta rests on the lower part of the uterus at the beginning of pregnancy, but it automatically moves upward as the uterus grows and expands.
When labor begins, the cervix dilates, capillaries in placenta previa rupture, and bleeding begins. This bleeding may occur after an internal examination, or for no apparent reason.

In most cases, the lower placenta accreta is known to the mother and the doctor before the bleeding begins, through ultrasound imaging, which is done to routinely monitor pregnancy, so the mother must be careful, monitor the bleeding, and inform the doctor if it occurs.

Placenta previa tends to occur in women older than 35, especially women who smoke. It also occurs when there is a scar on the uterus as a result of a previous cesarean section, or a fibroid removal, or when there is a twin pregnancy.

Vessels advanced on the fetus: a condition in which the blood vessels that deliver blood to the fetus (through the umbilical cord) grow above the cervix, blocking the fetus’s transit route. When labor begins, these vessels may rupture, depriving the fetus of blood. This condition is often associated with placenta previa, a twin pregnancy, or treatment of infertility with in vitro fertilization techniques (IVF).
The fetus depends entirely on the placenta for its nutrition, so the loss of any amount of blood is considered dangerous, even if it is small.

Uterine rupture: Uterine rupture may occur during labor, and it often affects women who have scars on the uterus such as a previous caesarean scar or surgery for any reason, or after severe trauma to the abdomen such as a car accident, and it may occur when labor is violently induced.
How is the diagnosis of bleeding in the last months of pregnancy?

The doctor first asks questions about the bleeding and other symptoms and the medical history, and then performs some tests such as blood tests to assess the degree of anemia, and ultrasound to assess the position and vitality of the fetus and to assess the position of the placenta. A transvaginal ultrasound can provide more accurate information about the cause of the bleeding and the location of the placenta, umbilical cord, and blood vessels.

How is the treatment of bleeding in the last months of pregnancy?

In the event of placenta abruption or placenta previa, it is recommended that you rest in bed in the hospital, where the mother and fetus can be monitored, and treatment given promptly if necessary. The pregnant woman may be discharged home when the situation is stable and the bleeding has stopped in some cases. While doctors prefer to terminate the pregnancy if the fetus is mature enough, or the bleeding is severe, and this is usually done by cesarean section.

Uterine rupture is an emergency situation that threatens the life of the mother and fetus, so a cesarean section must be performed quickly, after which the ruptured uterus can be repaired, and the doctor may have to perform a hysterectomy in some cases.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: What causes Spotting in Pregnancy?
• MSD Manual: Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy
• WebMD: Bleeding during Pregnancy
• MayoClinic: Placenta Abruption
• MayoClinic: Placenta Previa

High blood pressure during pregnancy is a common disease that affects many pregnant women, and despite the fact that its complications and complications are numerous, good control of high pressure and adherence to the doctor’s instructions and medications avoid complications for the patient.

Pre-eclampsia is one of the worst problems that can happen to pregnant women during pregnancy, and it may be the worst of all. Preeclampsia usually occurs in women who suffer from uncontrolled high blood pressure during pregnancy. What is preeclampsia, what are its symptoms, and how can it be prevented?

What is pre-eclampsia?

One of the worst problems of pregnancy, preeclampsia is characterized by gestational hypertension and is associated with signs of damage to other organ systems, including the kidneys, liver, blood and brain.

Pre-eclampsia is called pre-eclampsia, or pre-eclampsia, because untreated cases of it may develop serious – or even fatal – complications for the mother and the baby, including eclampsia. Eclampsia is a state of continuous convulsions in the mother that threatens her life.

Who are the women eligible for the risk of preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia occurs in women who suffer from high blood pressure during pregnancy, especially in those who have been diagnosed with high blood pressure before the 30th week.

Some women face a higher risk of pre-eclampsia, including:

Women who had pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy.
Women who suffer from chronic high blood pressure, migraines, diabetes, kidney problems, or lupus.
First pregnancy or pregnancy with twins.
Women who are overweight or obese.
Ladies over 35 years old.
Women who have become pregnant using assisted reproductive technology.
What are the symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

Symptoms of pre-eclampsia or pre-eclampsia include:

Abnormal swelling of the hands and face.
continuous headache.
Seeing points or changes in vision.
Upper abdominal pain.
Nausea or vomiting at the end of pregnancy.
Difficulty breathing due to fluid buildup in the lungs.
Decreased urine output.
What are the complications of preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia causes a number of complications, the most important of which are:

Complications for the fetus: High pressure impedes the delivery of blood in sufficient quantities to the fetus, and the fetus does not grow in a good way, which leads to a decrease in birth weight. On the other hand, doctors are forced to terminate the pregnancy early in many cases, as the child is born incomplete and is exposed to more problems than full-developed children, such as neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress, and others.
Complications that occur to the mother: Preeclampsia causes damage to the body’s organs, especially the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, and eyes. Stroke can also occur.
Placental abruption is an emergency situation in which the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, which may cause severe bleeding and threaten the death of the fetus.
Eclampsia, which is continuous and dangerous seizures.
HELLP syndrome, characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet counts, may develop. HELLP syndrome is very dangerous, and requires urgent and emergency treatment, and the doctor may have to terminate the pregnancy.
How is preeclampsia diagnosed and monitored for its development?

When high blood pressure during pregnancy, the doctor will likely want to do some tests, including:

Urine test for protein.
Blood tests to assess liver and kidney function and platelet count.
Simple chest x-ray to check for pulmonary edema, which is the presence of fluid in the lung.
Monitoring the growth of the fetus and the amount of amniotic fluid by ultrasound, and the doctor may order a Doppler image to assess the passage of blood through the placenta.
In some cases, the doctor resorts to special tests to monitor the heartbeat of the fetus.

How is preeclampsia treated?

Women who are diagnosed with preeclampsia face a difficult task, as the disease usually develops with the progression of pregnancy and the doctor may want to terminate the pregnancy quickly, but the interest of the fetus requires staying in the womb to ensure the adequate maturity of the newborn’s organs, as the birth of a child prematurely carries with it the dangers of prematurity and its many problems. Doctors try to ensure the interest of the fetus, provided that the mother is not harmed, and this is a difficult equation.

In most cases, preeclampsia clears up at or shortly after birth. When deciding on treatment, your doctor will consider several factors, such as the severity of the condition, the number of weeks pregnant, and potential risks to you and your baby:

If you’ve been more than 37 weeks pregnant, the doctor will probably want to deliver the baby, because the fetus is mature enough to survive outside the womb.
If you were less than 37 weeks pregnant, your doctor will monitor you and your baby carefully. This includes blood and urine tests for you. Monitoring your baby often includes an ultrasound of the abdomen and monitoring of the baby’s heart rate and growth.
Your doctor may want to deliver the baby early if the condition is severe.
You may need medications to control your blood pressure, steroid injections to help the fetus’s lungs mature faster, and in some cases, preventative anticonvulsants.

Symptoms usually disappear within 6 weeks of birth. In rare cases, symptoms may not go away or may start late after birth, so the mother should be monitored for several weeks after birth.

Can preeclampsia be prevented?

There are no effective and guaranteed ways to prevent preeclampsia, but in general, doctors advise pregnant women to eat a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains, and to avoid smoking. Your doctor may prescribe low-dose aspirin, or calcium and vitamin D, to prevent preeclampsia.

In fact, the most important step is to monitor the arterial pressure, adhere to the medications prescribed by the doctor, and get good prenatal care to avoid any complications before they occur.

the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Preeclampsia
• HealthLine: High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
• Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia: Gestational Hypertension
• MedlinePlus: Preeclampsia

Hypertension is a health concern for many, as it is one of the most common diseases associated with the occurrence of many diseases and complications. High blood pressure during pregnancy is common, and it can pose a double risk, as it affects the health of the mother and her fetus. This condition is a serious concern for some pregnant women, so it is important to recognize and treat it to avoid its effects.What are the causes of high pressure during pregnancy?

The cause of high blood pressure during pregnancy is not entirely known, but it is believed that some factors increase the likelihood of it rising: being overweight or obese, not doing enough physical activity, smoking, drinking alcohol, and having a family history of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Pregnancy, diabetes, kidney disease, or an autoimmune disease. It also increases in women who are carrying twins.

What are the normal blood pressure numbers when pregnant?

In fact, blood pressure tends to drop at the beginning of pregnancy, because pregnancy hormones cause the vessels to relax and dilate, which lowers blood pressure. Low blood pressure may cause a feeling of dizziness, tiredness and cold in pregnant women.

As the pregnancy progresses, the pressure rises slightly, but it decreases again after childbirth to return to its normal values. High pressure during pregnancy is due to several reasons, the most important of which are:

The volume of blood increases, and the volume may increase to 150% of its volume before pregnancy.
The work of the heart increases to be able to meet the needs of the mother and the fetus, and this increase leads to a slight enlargement of the heart muscle, which disappears spontaneously after birth.
The kidneys secrete vasopressin, a hormone that traps water in the body, causing swelling and swelling in the ankles and feet.
What are the types of high pressure during pregnancy?

High blood pressure is generally defined as blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg, and high blood pressure during pregnancy is divided into several types:

Chronic high blood pressure: Some women have pre-existing high blood pressure before they became pregnant. This condition can be referred to as chronic high pressure, and it is usually treated with appropriate high pressure medications. High pressure in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy indicates that this rise is chronic and has nothing to do with pregnancy.
Gestational hypertension: Gestational hypertension develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery. Gestational hypertension can cause serious complications, the most important of which is preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia, called pre-eclampsia, is a dangerous condition of high gestational pressure associated with the presence of protein in the urine, and leads to many problems and complications.
How is high blood pressure diagnosed during pregnancy?

Your doctor checks your blood pressure at every visit during pregnancy, and compares the result to your pre-pregnancy pressure. The pressure is considered elevated if it is more than 15 mmHg higher than the pre-pregnancy pressure. In general, the pressure is considered high if it is higher if the blood pressure reading is equal to (130/80) or higher, while it is considered very high if it is higher than (140/90).

If your blood pressure is high, the doctor will want to perform some tests, including blood tests and other laboratory tests to look for excess protein in the urine to check for signs of preeclampsia.

What are the complications of high pressure during pregnancy?

High pressure during pregnancy can cause gestational toxicosis (called pre-eclampsia), in which kidney and liver function is damaged, and it may develop into a worse condition, and lead to convulsions or what is called eclampsia. Gestational eclampsia is a serious and potentially fatal condition for both the mother and the baby.

Therefore, doctors classify the pregnancy with high blood pressure as a high-risk pregnancy, and monitor the development of the condition by repeatedly measuring pressure, monitoring kidney and liver function, and checking for protein in the urine. Doppler ultrasound is also required to measure the quality of blood passing through the placenta.

How is high blood pressure treated during pregnancy?

Some traditional blood pressure medications can cause problems in pregnant women and are not recommended, as they are able to pass through the placenta and reach the fetus, which negatively affects it. High blood pressure during pregnancy is treated with special medications. Methyldopa and labetalol are both safe to use to control blood pressure during pregnancy.

Doctors advise taking other steps to treat preeclampsia, and may prescribe aspirin or calcium with vitamin D to prevent its development.

What are the points to remember?

There are a set of recommendations that can reduce the problems and complications of high pressure during pregnancy, including:

If you suffer from high blood pressure, consult your doctor when planning pregnancy. Your doctor will replace your medications with medications that are safe for the fetus.
Monitor blood pressure at home during pregnancy.
To get accurate readings, make sure to measure the pressure while sitting in a comfortable position, and try to take the measurement at the same time daily and in the same arm, and if you notice a rise in pressure, consult your doctor.

Consult your doctor immediately if you experience a severe headache, blurred vision, or abdominal pain. These symptoms may indicate the presence of preeclampsia.
It is important to get prenatal care, make sure you see your doctor and take your medication regularly.
Avoid gaining weight, and stick to a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains.
Avoid smoking and alcohol completely during pregnancy.
Breastfeeding is important for the child, and there is nothing to impede breastfeeding in case of high pressure, but it is important to consult a doctor about the medications allowed during the breastfeeding period.
the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Pregnancy week by week
• HealthLine: High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
• CDC: High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
• Children Hospital of Philadelphia: Gestational Hypertension

Congenital anomalies in the Female Reproductive System are developmental disorders that affect a girl’s reproductive organs, and occur during her development inside her mother’s womb. The female reproductive organs include the vagina, ovaries, uterus, and cervix.

What are the causes of birth defects in the female reproductive system?

A baby’s genitals begin to form between weeks 4 and 5 of pregnancy and continue until week 20. Development is a complex process and many things can affect this process. The severity of your child’s condition depends on when the disorder occurred. In general, if problems occur early in pregnancy, the effect will be wide-ranging.

The reproductive system develops close to the urinary system, so congenital defects of the urinary system and the spine are common concomitantly.

Problems with the development of a girl’s reproductive organs can result from:

A defective or deficient gene (genetic defect) occurs in several cases, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Use of certain medications during pregnancy.
What are the symptoms of birth defects in the female reproductive system?

Some birth defects of the female reproductive system may be asymptomatic. Some symptoms may appear early or at puberty, while others appear late. They are diagnosed when a woman complains of gynecological problems such as endometriosis, infertility, or repeated miscarriages. Symptoms vary according to the type of deformity present, and may include:

Inability to empty the bladder.
Breasts not growing.
Repeated premature births or miscarriages.
Monthly cramps or pain without menstruation.
Abdominal swelling often caused by blood or mucus that cannot escape.
Pain during intercourse.
infertility;
What are the types of birth defects in the female reproductive system?

Birth defects of the female reproductive system include:

cloacal anomalies: The cloaca is a tube-like structure. In the early stages of embryonic development, the urinary tract, rectum, and vagina empty into this single tube, but later they separate and each has its own opening. If the cloacal continues as the baby grows in the womb, the three openings do not form and separate. For example, a baby girl may be born with a single opening near the rectal area, and urine and stool cannot drain from the body, causing the abdomen to swell. These congenital malformations are rare.
Disorders of the external genitalia (visible): Developmental problems can lead to enlargement of the clitoris or fusion of the labia. Labia prolapse is a condition in which the folds of tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina stick together. Most other birth defects of the female reproductive system are associated with hermaphroditism and ambiguous genitalia.
Non-perforated hymen: The hymen is a thin tissue that partially covers the opening of the vagina, and has one or more openings that allow menstrual blood to pass through. Some females are born without a hymen, and this case is not considered rare, while the membrane is not perforated in others, and then the girl complains after puberty of abdominal pain that recurs monthly without menstruation. In fact, menstruation occurs, but blood collects inside the body because there is no opening to allow it to exit.
Ovarian disorders: A girl may carry an extra ovary, extra tissue attached to one of the ovaries, or a structure called the ovarian testis, which contains both male and female tissue.
Uterine and cervical disorders: A baby may be born with an extra uterus and cervix, a semi-formed uterus, or a uterine blockage. Usually, girls born with half a uterus and half a vagina also lack a kidney on the same side of the body. Some girls may have a heart-shaped uterus, or a uterus with a septum in the middle of its cavity called a bicornuate uterus. The two-horned uterus is smaller, so the fetus cannot grow well, so abortion is common, and the fetus may grow for several months, but it is born early.
Vaginal disorders: The baby may be born without a vagina or the vaginal opening is clogged with a layer of cells higher than the site of the hymen. An absent vagina is often the result of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. In this syndrome, part or all of the internal reproductive organs (uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes) are missing in a girl. Other abnormalities include the presence of two vaginas, or a vagina that opens into the urinary tract.
How are birth defects diagnosed in the female reproductive system?

The doctor may notice signs of birth defects right when the baby is born. These signs include:

Genitals It is difficult to determine whether it is male or female (ambiguous genitals).
Labia stuck together or abnormally sized.
The absence of openings in the genital area or the presence of a single rectal opening.
An abnormal vagina.
Bladder outside the body.
Enlargement in the groin or abdomen.

Diagnosing congenital malformations of the female reproductive system requires a wide range of examinations, including:

Laparoscopy.
Chromosome determination, a genetic test.
Hormone levels, especially testosterone and cortisol.
Ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic region.
How are congenital defects in the female reproductive system treated?

Doctors often suggest surgery as a treatment for congenital defects of the female reproductive system. Surgery for some defects can be done while the baby is still a baby, while others can be delayed until the baby is older. Some surgeries can be very complex, and doctors may not be able to do much in complicated cases such as an absence of the uterus.

Early diagnosis is especially important in the case of ambiguous genitalia. The doctor must examine the child carefully before deciding whether it is male or female, this is called gender determination and depends on the results of the clinical examination, chromosomes, hormone tests and X-ray results. Treatment should also include psychological counseling for the parents, and the child should also undergo counseling when she grows up.

the reviewer:

Diagnosing congenital malformations of the female reproductive system requires a wide range of examinations, including:

Laparoscopy.
Chromosome determination, a genetic test.
Hormone levels, especially testosterone and cortisol.
Ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic region.
How are congenital defects in the female reproductive system treated?

Doctors often suggest surgery as a treatment for congenital defects of the female reproductive system. Surgery for some defects can be done while the baby is still a baby, while others can be delayed until the baby is older. Some surgeries can be very complex, and doctors may not be able to do much in complicated cases such as an absence of the uterus.

Early diagnosis is especially important in the case of ambiguous genitalia. The doctor must examine the child carefully before deciding whether it is male or female, this is called gender determination and depends on the results of the clinical examination, chromosomes, hormone tests and X-ray results. Treatment should also include psychological counseling for the parents, and the child should also undergo counseling when she grows up.

the reviewer:

• Medline Plus: Developmental disorders of the female genital tract
• Columbia Doctors: Congenital Abnormalities of Reproductive Tract (Pediatric)
• Northwell Health: Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract
• Mount Sinai: Developmental disorders of the female genital tract

Infertility is one of the most important problems facing people. The instinct of motherhood is an instinctive instinct in women, and the denial of having a child may be one of the most difficult obstacles a woman faces in her life.Infertility is not only a female problem, men can also be sterile. In fact, it is possible for men and women to suffer from infertility equally. About a third of infertility cases are associated with female problems, and another third are related to male problems. The remaining third of cases may be caused by a mixture of male and female infertility, or the cause may not be known. And we will talk here about infertility in women.

What is infertility?

Infertility is the inability to conceive after a year of trying without using any form of contraception. Women who become pregnant but do not reach full pregnancy may be diagnosed with infertility as well. A woman who has never been pregnant before is diagnosed with primary infertility, and a woman who has had at least one successful pregnancy will be diagnosed with secondary infertility.

Female infertility can result from a combination of factors that affect or interfere with the following biological processes:

Ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
Fertilization, which occurs when sperm meets an egg in the fallopian tube after it has traveled through the cervix and uterus.
Implantation, which occurs when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining where it grows into an embryo.
What are the causes of infertility in women?

Infertility is a common condition, as many women face difficulty in getting pregnant, and this percentage increases due to the tendency of women to postpone marriage and pregnancy in their desire to work and build a professional future. Fertility decreases with age, and various factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and obesity or excessive thinness.

There are many diseases that lead to a disturbance in the occurrence of pregnancy and that affect the three main steps (ovulation, fertilization, implantation), and the most important of these diseases are:

Hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or prolactinoma (a tumor in the pituitary gland) that leads to high prolactin, hyperthyroidism, or hypothyroidism, and others.
Impairment of ovulation due to premature ovarian insufficiency, which occurs in many cases, including exposure of the pelvis to radiation, which leads to damage to the ovaries.
Uterine abnormalities: In some cases, a healthy uterine fibroid can block the fallopian tubes and prevent fertilization.
Blockage of the fallopian tubes so that the egg is unable to meet the sperm and often occurs after inflammation in them, or adhesions in the pelvis due to endometriosis (which is the presence of the lining of the uterus abscess), or as a result of inflammation in the peritoneum, or after a surgical operation such as an appendectomy or surgery on the Abdomen and pelvis.
Congenital malformations of the female reproductive system.
Some medications can negatively affect fertility, including chemotherapy for tumors, some psychiatric medications, or drug and drug abuse.
How is infertility diagnosed?

The doctor will take your medical history and conduct an examination of the pelvic area to look for any abnormalities. The doctor will also order a set of auxiliary tests, the most important of which are:

Monitoring ovulation Although this is possible using a home device, the most accurate way is to monitor ovulation with ultrasound imaging and laboratory blood tests to assess the status of hormones.
Ultrasound to examine the ovaries and uterus.
Hysterosalpingography, or hysterosalpingogram, is a type of X-ray used to evaluate the fallopian tubes and uterus.
Laparoscopy, which uses a camera to examine internal organs.
Hormonal analyzes and ovarian reserve (AMH) tests. These analyzes are useful in estimating the expected number of years of ovarian activity and determining the possibility of pregnancy in a woman. AMH naturally decreases with age, but when it drops sharply, it indicates that the eggs in the ovaries are almost depleted.
How is infertility treated?

The type of treatment depends on a number of factors, the most important of which are the cause of infertility and the age of both partners. Both partners must take the decision that suits them after knowing the appropriate treatment options.

It is possible to resort to drug treatment, which depends mainly on stimulating or regulating ovulation, while surgery is used in a few cases, such as correcting uterine abnormalities, or opening the blockage in the fallopian tubes.

Science has made great advances in the field of infertility treatment, which has given many hopes. Reproductive assistance includes multiple methods, such as intrauterine sperm injection, where millions of sperm are injected into the uterus near the time of ovulation. In the most difficult cases, doctors resort to the in vitro fertilization technique, or the so-called in vitro fertilization, and this technique depends on taking the mother’s eggs after inducing ovulation for several Days and fertilization with sperm taken from the father in the laboratory, and after vaccination, the fetus is returned to the uterus.

When should a woman seek medical advice?

Doctors prefer to wait for a year after marriage, provided that the couple does not use any method of contraception. But in some cases, the woman should not wait for a year, as it is preferable to visit the doctor before that, and the most important of these cases are:

Six months have passed since marriage for a woman over 35 years old.
Having severely painful or irregular menstrual cycles.
History of a previous cancer.
A history of repeated miscarriages.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: Everything You Need to Know About Infertility
• Mayo Clinic: Infertility
• WebMD: Infertility and Reproduction Health Center

Although the word tumor is associated in the minds of people with a cancerous or serious problem, some tumors are characterized by being healthy, and they may exist in the body for many years without causing any symptoms. One of the most common benign tumors in the body is uterine fibroid.
What are uterine fibroids?
Uterine fibroids are tumors that grow in or on a woman’s uterus. Sometimes these tumors become very large and cause severe abdominal pain and menstrual bleeding, and in other cases they cause no symptoms or signs at all. These tumors are usually benign or noncancerous.
Fibroids are known by many names, including: leiomyomas, uterine myomas, fibroids.
What are the types of uterine fibroids?
The type of fibroid that a woman develops depends on its location in or on the uterus.
• Uterine fibroids within the muscle of the uterus: It is the most common type of fibroids. This type appears inside the muscular wall of the uterus, and the tumor may grow to a large degree, causing an expansion and enlargement in the size of the uterus.
• Subserosal uterine fibroids: Subserosal fibroids form on the outside of the uterus, and the uterus appears asymmetrical if these tumors are large.
• Submucosal fibroids: This type of tumor forms in the middle muscular layer of the uterus, and is the least common type.
What are the causes of uterine fibroids?
It’s not clear what causes uterine fibroids, but several factors influence their formation, including:
• Hormones: The ovaries produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which cause the lining of the uterus to regenerate during each menstrual cycle, and may stimulate the growth of fibroids.
• Family history: Fibroids may affect families. If your mother, sister, or grandmother has a history of this condition, it may affect you, too.
• Pregnancy: Pregnancy increases the production of estrogen and progesterone in your body. Tumors can form and grow rapidly during your pregnancy.
• Obesity.
What are the symptoms of uterine fibroids?
Your symptoms will depend on the number of tumors you have, as well as their location and size. For example, submucous fibroids may cause heavy menstrual bleeding and problems getting pregnant. While small tumors do not cause any symptoms. Fibroids may shrink during or after menopause, because women at this stage experience a decrease in the level of estrogen and progesterone, the two hormones that stimulate the growth of fibroids.
Symptoms of uterine fibroids include:
Heavy bleeding between or during menstruation. Heavy bleeding may cause anemia.
• Pain in the pelvis or lower back.
• Increased menstrual pain.
• Pain during intercourse.
• Pressure or fullness in the lower abdomen.
• When the tumor is large, it presses on the bladder, causing an increase in the number of urination times.
• Swollen or enlarged abdomen.
How are uterine fibroids diagnosed?
For a proper diagnosis, you should see a gynecologist for a pelvic examination to determine the condition, size and shape of the uterus. You may also need other tests, including:
• Ultrasound imaging: Ultrasound imaging can be done by placing a probe on the abdomen, or through the vagina. Imaging allows the doctor to see the structure of the uterus, determine the presence of any fibroids, and can determine their number, measure them, and monitor their growth.
• Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis (MRI): Magnetic resonance imaging gives clear and accurate images of the uterus, ovaries and other pelvic organs.
Do fibroids cause problems during pregnancy and childbirth?
Fibroids rarely cause infertility, and most women are able to become pregnant and give birth safely.
But large tumors can cause some problems, as they take up a large space in the uterine cavity, which prevents the fetus from taking a position that allows it to give birth naturally, and the rate of caesarean section increases. On the other hand, the supply of the placenta can be affected if it is located directly above the fibroid, so the possibility of early placental abruption, a condition that causes bleeding in the last months of pregnancy, and threatens the safety of the fetus, increases. Therefore, it is important to monitor the size of the fibroid during pregnancy by ultrasound.
How are uterine fibroids treated?
The doctor sets a treatment plan based on your age, the size of your fibroids, and your health condition. Accordingly, the doctor will present a set of options, the most important of which are:
• Monitoring: If you do not have any symptoms, or your symptoms are mild and manageable, the best option may be to wait and watch.
• Medications: Your doctor may prescribe medications to regulate your hormonal levels and thus reduce tumors.
• Surgery: Surgery can be done to remove large or multiple uterine fibroids. This is known as myomectomy. Abdominal myomectomy involves making a large incision in the abdomen to gain access to the uterus and to remove the fibroids. This surgery can also be done through endoscopy, where several small incisions are made and surgical tools and a camera are inserted. The problem of fibroids is that they are reversible, and it is common for them to reappear after they have been removed.
• The doctor may present the option of hysterectomy, especially in severe cases of tumors that cause severe bleeding and anemia. Of course, a hysterectomy will cause permanent infertility, so doctors prefer to perform it after menopause.
Some options can relieve symptoms such as bleeding and pain, but they do not shrink or remove fibroids. These include:
• A hormonal IUD containing progesterone.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are taken without a prescription, such as ibuprofen, but these drugs should be avoided in patients with peptic ulcer and asthma.
• Contraceptive pills.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: Fibroids
• Mayo Clinic: Uterine Fibroids
• WebMD: Uterine Fibroids Health Center
• Office on Women’s Health: Uterine Fibroids

Abdominal pain is a common symptom, and we all suffer from it from time to time. Abdominal pain may go away spontaneously or by taking simple painkillers, but in some cases it may be an indication of a dangerous condition, including ovarian torsion in women.
What is ovarian torsion?
Ovarian torsion occurs when the ovary wraps around the tissues that support it and provide blood flow to the ovary. This torsion leads to the interruption of blood from the ovary, causing ischemia, and this may lead to tissue necrosis in the ovary and its death, and consequently, the loss of the ovary if it is not treated correctly and in the right time.
In some cases, the ovary twists again in the opposite direction automatically, and the blood supply returns, and the symptoms disappear without any treatment.
You’re more likely to develop ovarian torsion if you have ovarian cysts, which can cause ovarian swelling. You can reduce your risk of ovarian torsion by using birth control pills or other medications to help reduce the size of the cysts.
What are the symptoms of ovarian torsion?
Ovarian torsion causes severe pain in the lower abdomen, which occurs suddenly and without warning, and is accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
This condition is never without pain. If you have nausea and vomiting without pain, you probably have a different condition. In either case, you should see a doctor.
What are the causes of ovarian torsion and risk factors?
Ovarian torsion can occur if the ovaries are not stable. An enlarged ovary can tilt slightly and is at risk of torsion. This occurs in the following cases:
• The presence of a cyst in the ovary.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• The presence of a long ovarian ligament, which is the fibrous stalk that connects the ovary to the uterus.
• Pregnancy, as pregnancy hormones may cause some swelling in the ovaries.
• Hormonal treatment for infertility, which may stimulate the ovaries.
Although this condition can occur in women and girls of any age, it is more likely to occur during the childbearing years.
How is ovarian torsion diagnosed?
If you have severe abdominal pain, seek immediate medical attention. The longer it takes before the condition is treated, the more complications you will experience. After evaluating your symptoms and reviewing your medical history, your doctor will perform a pelvic exam to pinpoint the locations of your pain.
In fact, diagnosing ovarian torsion is difficult in many cases, as the symptoms are very similar to a number of diseases that lead to acute abdominal pain, including:
• Urinary infections such as pyelonephritis.
• Ovarian abscess.
• Ectopic pregnancy.
• Appendicitis.
• Kidney stones.
Doctors usually use a number of auxiliary tests, such as blood and urine analysis to rule out urinary infections, and ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the condition of tissues inside the abdomen and pelvis. But despite all that, the only way to confirm the diagnosis is to perform surgery when a warp is suspected and corrected.
How is ovarian torsion treated?
Surgery is the only solution to ovarian torsion. The surgeon removes the torsion by laparoscopic or conventional surgery.
• Endoscopy: The doctor inserts a thin, lighted instrument into a small incision in your lower abdomen, allowing the doctor to see your internal organs. Another cut will be made to allow it to reach the ovary, then a blunt probe or other instrument will be used to loosen the warp. This laparoscopic surgery is usually done under general anaesthesia.
• Conventional surgery: With this operation, the doctor will make a larger incision in the lower abdomen to allow him to access the ovary and manually untie the warp.
If it has been a long time since the torsion, and the prolonged interruption of blood supply causes death of the ovarian tissue, the doctor may need to remove the ovary.
It is usual to prescribe analgesic medications to relieve pain such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, and the doctor may need to administer more powerful drugs such as opioids.
It’s common for a doctor to prescribe medications to reduce the risk of recurrence, such as high doses of contraceptives or other forms of hormonal birth control.
What are the complications of ovarian torsion?
The longer it takes before diagnosis and treatment, the more ovarian tissue is at risk. When torsion occurs, the ovarian blood supply is reduced, and ischemia can also affect the fallopian tube. Prolonged ischemia may lead to necrosis (tissue necrosis). If this happens, oophorectomy is necessary.
The only way to avoid these complications is to seek immediate medical help if symptoms appear.
Ovarian torsion does not cause infertility, and does not affect fertility in any way. Even if the ovary is lost, the second ovary remains functional.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: What is Ovarian Torsion?
• Medical News Today: Ovarian Torsion: Everything you need to know
• MedScape: Ovarian Torsion

A woman’s body, especially during the childbearing years, is subject to a delicate hormonal balance, and any imbalance in this balance will lead to an imbalance in the body and its vital functions, including childbearing.
Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the common hormonal disorders, which leads to the emergence of masculine characteristics, and may cause infertility in some cases. What is it, what are its symptoms and ways to treat it?
What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, also referred to as PCOS, is a condition that affects a woman’s hormone levels during the reproductive years, as a woman’s production of male hormones increases. A hormonal imbalance causes irregular periods and makes it difficult to get pregnant.
Polycystic ovary syndrome also causes facial and body hair growth and baldness, and contributes to long-term health problems such as diabetes and heart disease. Birth control pills and diabetes medications can help repair a hormonal imbalance and relieve symptoms.
What are the causes of polycystic ovary syndrome?
The cause of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is not known precisely, but genes have been accused of contributing to its occurrence. There is a disturbance in two main hormones in this syndrome, which are:
• High levels of male hormones prevent the ovaries from producing hormones and making eggs normally.
• About 70% of women with this syndrome have insulin resistance, which means that their cells do not use insulin properly.
When cells don’t use insulin properly, the body’s need for insulin increases, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate. Increased insulin stimulates the ovaries to produce more male hormones.
What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?
It is possible for the patient to notice the symptoms when the menstruation occurs for the first time, but some patients do not know of their infection until after they gain weight or face difficulties in getting pregnant.
Common symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome include:
• The high male hormone causes the emergence of masculine characteristics such as hair growth on the face and body, including the back, abdomen, and chest, and the sudden appearance of acne on the face, chest and upper back, and baldness.
• Menstrual cycle disorder: Ovulation does not occur normally as a result of the existing hormonal disturbance, so it is common for menstrual cycles to be spaced and irregular. Some women with this syndrome have fewer than 8 menstrual cycles per year.
On the other hand, the uterine lining grows longer than normal, so periods may be heavy.
• Overweight: About 80% of affected women are overweight or obese.
• Blackening of the skin: black spots of skin can form in the folds of the body such as the neck, groin area and under the breasts.
Headaches: Hormonal changes can trigger headaches in some women.
What are the problems experienced by patients in the long term?
The hormonal disorder in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome causes multiple problems, the most important of which are:
• Infertility.
• Gestational diabetes or high blood pressure during pregnancy.
• Abortion or premature birth.
• Fatty hepatitis.
• Metabolic syndrome, where the patient complains of a group of problems including high blood pressure, increased blood sugar, and abnormalities in cholesterol and triglyceride levels that significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes.
• Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
• Depression, anxiety and eating disorders.
• Abnormal uterine bleeding.
• Endometrial cancer.

How is polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed?
Doctors usually diagnose PCOS in women who have at least two of the following three symptoms:
• High androgen levels.
• Irregular menstrual cycles.
• Cysts in the ovaries.
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a pelvic exam to look for any problems with the ovaries or other parts of the reproductive tract. The doctor will often need the following assistive examinations:
• Laboratory tests to determine the levels of male hormones.
• Laboratory tests to determine the level of cholesterol, insulin and triglycerides to assess the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
• Ultrasound scans to look for abnormal follicles and other problems in the ovaries and uterus.
What are the treatment steps?
Treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome usually begins with lifestyle changes such as weight loss, diet and exercise. Losing a few kilograms of body weight can help regulate your menstrual cycles and improve symptoms, improve cholesterol levels, reduce insulin, and reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Medications can help regulate your menstrual cycles and treat polycystic ovary symptoms such as hair growth and acne.
• Contraceptive pills: These pills restore the lost hormonal balance, regulate ovulation, and relieve symptoms. These hormones come in the form of pills, patches, or vaginal rings.
• Metformin: It is a medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes, and it also treats polycystic ovary syndrome by improving insulin levels.
• Clomiphene: It is a fertility drug that can help women with this condition get pregnant, but it increases the risk of a twin pregnancy.
• Surgery: Surgery may be an option for some patients if other treatments do not help.
From a cosmetic point of view, medications can be used to reduce hair growth, and hair can be removed either by traditional or laser methods.

the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• HealthLine: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
• Medline Plus: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Premenstrual syndrome is a condition that affects a woman’s feelings, physical health, and behavior during several days of her menstrual cycle, usually just before her period. It is a very common condition, with symptoms affecting more than 90% of women, and it can disrupt some aspects of life. What are its causes, and how is it treated?
What are the causes of premenstrual syndrome?
It is not known exactly what causes Premenstrual Syndrome, but several factors are involved in this condition, including:
• Periodic changes in hormones: Symptoms and signs of premenstrual syndrome change with fluctuations in hormones, and disappear with pregnancy and menopause.
• Chemical changes in the brain: Serotonin is a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) believed to play a critical role in moods. Fluctuations in serotonin may trigger PMS symptoms. Inadequate amounts of serotonin can contribute to premenstrual depression as well as fatigue, food cravings, and sleep problems.
The incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) increases if there is a psychiatric disorder such as depression, bipolar mood, or postpartum depression. It is also common in women who suffer from domestic violence, or emotional problems

What are the ways to treat premenstrual syndrome?
Premenstrual Syndrome cannot be cured, but you can take steps to relieve your symptoms. Treatment options if you have a mild to moderate form of PMS include:
• Drinking plenty of fluids helps relieve flatulence. Try to drink warm water and herbs, and avoid caffeinated drinks.
• Follow a balanced diet to improve your general health, by eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and reducing your consumption of sugar and salt.
• Take nutritional supplements such as folic acid, vitamin B-6, calcium, and magnesium to reduce colic and mood swings.
• Take vitamin D to reduce symptoms.
• Sleep for at least 8 hours during the night to relieve fatigue.
• Exercise can improve mood. Some women may prefer light and relaxing sports, such as yoga.
• Avoid smoking.
• Practicing hobbies helps in improving the mood.
For many women, lifestyle changes are enough to relieve PMS symptoms, but your doctor may prescribe one or more medications depending on the severity of your symptoms. Common PMS medications include:
• Antidepressants: These medications are the first line of treatment for premenstrual syndrome, especially in severe cases, or premenstrual depressive disorder. These medications are generally taken daily, but in some women with premenstrual syndrome, antidepressants are used only for the two weeks before menstruation begins.
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium before or at the start of menstruation reduces cramping and discomfort in the breasts.
Diuretics: When exercise and reduced salt intake aren’t enough to reduce the weight gain, swelling and puffiness caused by PMS, taking diuretic pills may help your body get rid of extra fluid through the kidneys. Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a diuretic that helps relieve some of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
• Hormonal contraceptives: These prescription medications stop ovulation, relieving PMS symptoms.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome)
• Mayo Clinic: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Women’s Health: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Medline Plus: Premenstrual Syndrome

Pregnancy is an important period in a woman’s life. The changes caused by pregnancy are reflected in the body and health of the pregnant mother. Some problems and disorders may appear that must be diagnosed and treated as early as possible to avoid complications that harm the health of the mother and the fetus.
Gestational diabetes is one of the common problems that affect pregnant women, which negatively affects the health of the fetus. In this article, we will learn about gestational diabetes, its causes, methods of diagnosis and treatment.
What is gestational diabetes?
In some women, blood sugar levels rise. This condition is known as gestational diabetes, and it usually occurs between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.If you develop gestational diabetes, this does not mean that you had diabetes before pregnancy or that you will develop it after pregnancy, but it may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future, and if it is not treated properly, it may raise the risk of your baby developing diabetes and increase the occurrence of complications for you and when Your baby during pregnancy and birth.
What are the symptoms of gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes may not cause any symptoms, and if you have some, they are often mild and include fatigue, blurred vision, extreme thirst and an urgent need to urinate. Therefore, doctors do not prefer to wait for symptoms to appear, but rather they investigate for high blood sugar between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy.

What are the causes of gestational diabetes?
The exact cause of gestational diabetes is unknown, but it is likely that hormones play a role. Hormones rise during pregnancy, which helps the placenta to grow and the pregnancy to continue, but it can also cause the body to become resistant to insulin.
When the body resists insulin, sugar rises abnormally, and this is called gestational diabetes.
What are the factors that increase your risk of gestational diabetes?
The incidence of gestational diabetes increases in pregnant women who have one of the following factors:

• A family history of diabetes.
• Gaining more weight than normal during pregnancy.
• Twin pregnancy.
The birth of a child weighing more than 4 kg previously
• Previous history of gestational diabetes.
• A story of an unexplained miscarriage or a stillbirth.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or other conditions associated with insulin resistance.
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
If you do not have a known history of diabetes and your blood sugar levels are normal early in your pregnancy, your doctor will test for gestational diabetes often between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy.
Doctors order a glucose challenge test, where the pregnant woman is asked to drink a sugar solution and take a blood test one hour and two hours later. Higher numbers indicate gestational diabetes, if:
Fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 92 mg/dL
• The blood sugar level after one hour is higher or equal to 180 mg/dL
• The blood glucose level after 2 hours is higher or equal to 153 mg/dL
It is important to remember that these numbers vary slightly from one laboratory to another.
What is the treatment plan that doctors follow when developing gestational diabetes?
The treatment plan depends on your blood sugar levels during the day. In most cases, your doctor will advise you to measure your blood sugar levels before and after meals, treat your condition by eating healthy food and exercising regularly, and may also add insulin injections if necessary.

It is important for a pregnant woman to learn how to use a blood sugar monitor and insulin injections, in order to be able to monitor sugar frequently during the day and adjust it. Ask your doctor about the correct way to time your insulin injections with your meals and exercises to avoid low blood sugar.
Is gestational diabetes dangerous?
If gestational diabetes is not well managed, blood sugar levels may remain higher than they should be during your pregnancy. These excess amounts of sugar pass from the mother’s blood through the placenta to the fetus, and the fetus makes more insulin.
Insulin causes an increase in the size of the fetus, which leads to difficulties in childbirth such as difficulty delivering shoulders, and brachial plexus paralysis. The doctor may resort to a cesarean section in order to avoid the impact of the large fetus in the birth canal. These children suffer from breathing difficulties, especially those who were born prematurely, and they also have an increase in the number of red blood cells, which leads to the occurrence of neonatal jaundice. In these children, high insulin causes a drop in blood sugar after birth, which leads to convulsions. Improperly treated gestational diabetes may result in the death of the baby during fetal life or shortly after birth. In the long run, children of mothers with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetes throughout their lives.
For the mother, gestational diabetes increases the risk of high blood pressure during pregnancy and pre-eclampsia, as well as the long-term risk of heart problems and diabetes.
Many of these complications can be avoided by strictly following the recommendations of the attending physician, and ensuring good control of sugar.

Can gestational diabetes be avoided?
Although there are no guarantees that gestational diabetes will not occur, following general health rules may be useful in reducing the risk of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes in the future, the most important of which are:
• Try to follow a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains. Your diet should be rich in fiber and low in fat.
• Get rid of excess weight before pregnancy.
• Keep active. Exercising before and during pregnancy is beneficial. It is possible to do light sports such as walking for thirty minutes a day. Try to make this sport a daily part of your life, and remember its long-term benefits.

the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Gestational Diabetes
• Medline Plus: Diabetes and Pregnancy
• HealthLine: Gestational Diabetes

After fertilization occurs, a zygote is formed, which is called fertilization. After several days, the fertilized egg reaches the uterine cavity and adheres to it. The implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus or nesting is considered the beginning of pregnancy.
In some cases, the fertilized egg implants outside the main cavity of the uterus, a condition that we call ectopic pregnancy, and it is a dangerous situation and may threaten the life of the pregnant woman. So what is it? What are its symptoms and treatment methods?
What is pregnancy outside of the womb?
An ectopic pregnancy, also called an ectopic pregnancy, is the implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, and this often occurs in the fallopian tube that transports eggs from the ovary to the uterus, and this type of pregnancy is called a tubal pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy can sometimes occur in other areas of the body such as the ovaries, the abdominal cavity, or the lower part of the uterus (cervix) that connects to the vagina. An ectopic pregnancy cannot continue normally, a fertilized egg cannot survive and the implanted tissue may cause life-threatening bleeding if left untreated.What are the causes of an ectopic pregnancy?
The cause of an ectopic pregnancy is not always clear, but studies indicate a number of factors that may play a role in its occurrence, the most important of which are: the shape and condition of the fallopian tubes, and various genetic and hormonal factors.
All women are exposed to an ectopic pregnancy, but the possibility of its occurrence increases in some women more than others, especially:• The mother’s age is 35 years or more.
• Previous pelvic or abdominal surgery.
• Previous infection with pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Previous endometriosis.
• Pregnancy with an intrauterine device (IUD).
• Pregnancy as a result of infertility treatment techniques.
• Smoking.
• Previous ectopic pregnancy.
• Previous infection with sexually transmitted diseases such as chlamydia and gonorrhea.
• The presence of structural abnormalities in the fallopian tubes that make it difficult for the fertilized egg to move towards the uterus.What are the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?
It is not possible to distinguish an ectopic pregnancy at first, the symptoms may start as any normal pregnancy, where the menstrual cycle occurs, the pregnancy analysis is positive, and nausea and vomiting may occur.
When a normal pregnancy grows, the uterus expands, while the fallopian tubes cannot stretch enough, and this expansion causes a group of symptoms, the most important of which are:• Sharp waves of pain in the abdomen, pelvis, shoulder or neck.
• Severe pain that appears on one side of the abdomen.
• Mild to severe vaginal bleeding or spotting.
• Dizziness or fainting.
Later, the fallopian tube may rupture due to its excessive stretching, and the rupture is considered a life-threatening emergency.
How is an ectopic pregnancy diagnosed?
Many women resort to a home pregnancy test to find out if they are pregnant, and this test gives a positive or negative result. While the laboratory analysis depends on the measurement of the hCG hormone, this hormone doubles every two or three days at the beginning of pregnancy, and continues to increase during pregnancy.
When this duplication does not occur, the hormone increases very slowly, and may not increase at all, which is what worries doctors. Of course, the failure of replication does not diagnose the presence of an ectopic pregnancy, but it is an indication of a problem, which may be an ectopic pregnancy, a failure to implant a fertilized egg, or an imminent miscarriage.
The next step in diagnosis is a transvaginal ultrasound, where the uterine cavity is empty, and the doctor may be able to see the gestational sac in the fallopian tubes if it is large enough. The doctor may ask to monitor the tests when the diagnosis is not certain.
If you have severe symptoms such as severe pain or bleeding, there may not be time to complete all of these steps. In these cases, an emergency operation is performed to avoid fallopian tube rupture and severe life-threatening bleeding.What are the ways to treat an ectopic pregnancy?
Ectopic pregnancy is not safe for the mother, and the fetus will not be able to reach maturity. It is necessary to remove the fetus as soon as possible to ensure the mother’s health now and her fertility in the long term. Treatment options vary depending on the location and degree of development of the ectopic pregnancy, and include:
• Medications: The drug option can be used in early cases, and methotrexate is the most common drug used. Methotrexate is a drug that stops the growth of rapidly dividing cells such as cells of an ectopic pregnancy. It is given by injection. Methotrexate is generally considered a safe drug, but it is severely teratogenic, so pregnancy should be avoided after taking it for several months.
• Laparoscopic surgery: Some cases of ectopic pregnancies are treated through laparoscopic surgery, where a small incision is made in the abdomen near or in the navel. Then the doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a camera and light (endoscope) to see the area of ​​the tube. An ectopic pregnancy can be removed and the tube left to heal on its own. But in some cases, the ectopic pregnancy and the tube must be removed together. Choosing one of these two methods depends on the amount of bleeding and damage, and whether the tube has ruptured or not. Another factor is the condition of the other tube, whether it is normal or shows signs of previous damage.

• Emergency surgery: If the ectopic pregnancy causes profuse bleeding, you may need emergency surgery, which can be done laparoscopically or through an abdominal incision (laparotomy). In some cases, the fallopian tube can be saved, but if the tube has ruptured, it must be removed.

the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Ectopic Pregnancy
• HealthLine: Ectopic Pregnancy
• Medline Plus: Ectopic Pregnancy

Breast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women, and fortunately, breast cancer is considered a treatable and curable disease, especially if it is diagnosed early. What is breast cancer? And why does it happen? What are the methods of treatment?
What is breast cancer?

Some cells in the breast can grow abnormally and form a lump. This is what we call breast cancer. Breast cancer occurs in the lobules or ducts of the breast. The lobules are the glands that secrete milk and the ducts are the passages that carry milk from the glands to the nipple, but cancer can occur in the fatty tissue or the elastic fibrous tissue inside the breast. Uncontrollable cancer cells often invade healthy breast tissue and travel to the lymph nodes under the arm. Lymph nodes are the primary pathway that helps cancer cells travel to other parts of the body.

What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
No woman should neglect any strange symptom that she feels in the breast, as breast cancer can cause a group of symptoms, the most important of which are: feeling a lump in the breast, secretions from the nipple other than milk, peeling in the skin of the nipple, withdrawal of the nipple inward, a lump or swelling under the arm A change in the shape, color, or size of the breast.
Why does breast cancer happen?
It is not clear why some people develop cancer while others do not. In fact, there is no specific reason for this, but there are a group of factors that increase the risk of infection, as breast cancer tends to occur in women after 55 years, especially those who have not given birth before, or They gave birth for the first time after the age of thirty.
Some hormonal, genetic and environmental factors play a role in the occurrence of cancer, the most important of which are:

• Early menstruation (before the age of 12 years), or late menopause (after 55 years).
• Hormone therapy: Taking estrogen and progesterone medications after menopause increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Having previously had ovarian, uterine or breast cancer.
• Obesity.
• Having a history of breast cancer in the family.
Despite all this, breast cancer may affect people who do not carry any risk factor, and it may affect men in some cases. Therefore, periodic examination and early detection are the basis for the success of treatment.
How is breast cancer diagnosed?
There are several tests and procedures used to diagnose breast cancer, including the following:
• Breast examination: Your doctor will examine both the breasts and the lymph nodes under the armpit, to check for any lumps or other abnormalities.
• Mammogram: It is an X-ray of the breast and is often used to check for breast cancer. If abnormalities appear on your mammogram, your doctor may recommend other procedures.
• Mammogram: It is used to determine whether a new breast lump is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst.
• Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Taking a sample of breast cells for testing (biopsy): It is the only way that can confirm the presence of breast cancer, as the cells taken from the tissue of the suspected area are sent to the laboratory to find out whether the cells are cancerous or not. It also determines the type of cells found in breast cancer, and whether the cancer cells contain hormone or other receptors.
There is also a set of tests and procedures used to determine the stage of breast cancer, including the following:
• Blood tests, such as a complete blood count.
• A mammogram of the other breast to look for signs of cancer.
• Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
• Bone scan.
• Computerized tomography (CT Scan).
• Positron emission tomography (PET Scan).
How is breast cancer treated?
Breast cancer has many treatment options, and the method is determined based on the type, degree and size of the cancer, the most important of which are:
• Surgery: There is more than one surgical method used, and the choice of method depends on the size of the tumor and the extent of its spread. These include lumpectomy, mastectomy, or excision of both breasts.
• During the operation, surgeons remove some lymph nodes and are examined. If they are infected, the lymph nodes must be removed as well.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Some people may undergo chemotherapy alone, but this type of treatment is often used in combination with other treatments, especially surgery.
• In some cases, doctors prefer to give patients chemotherapy before surgery, as they hope that the chemotherapy will shrink the tumor and then the surgery will be easier.
• Hormone therapy: It is used to treat types of breast cancer that are sensitive to hormones. Hormone therapy can help slow or even stop the growth of breast cancer.
• Medications.
• Supportive care: Patients need care and psychological support after the operation, as many of them feel dissatisfied with their appearance after the operation. Support from family and close friends is important, and attending support groups and meeting with cancer survivors can be helpful. These meetings provide information and advice about wig shops and special bras, which can reduce psychological distress.
What are the recommendations for breast cancer?

Cure rates for breast cancer are high if detected and treated early, while the chances of a cure are low if diagnosed late. Doctors recommend a periodic monthly examination after the end of the menstrual cycle, and the woman can conduct this examination on her own, as she is best able to detect any changes that occur in the structure and texture of the breast.
An annual examination should be conducted by an expert doctor, and a mammogram is performed once every two years after the age of forty, and once every year after the age of fifty.
Of course, any woman should seek medical advice as soon as she feels any change in the shape, texture or size of the breast, in order to ensure her safety.
the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Breast Cancer
• HealthLine: A Comprehensive Guide to Breast Cancer
• Medline Plus: Breast Cancer

Cancer is the growth of cells that are abnormal and out of control. These cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. The cancer is called the area from which it originated.
In this article, we will talk about cervical cancer, what are its causes? What are the ways to treat and prevent it?
What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervix, the tube that connects the lower part of a woman’s uterus to the vagina. Cervical cancer is a common occurrence in women, and its importance lies in the possibility of early detection and prevention of its occurrence.
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

Most women diagnosed with cervical cancer do not learn of the disease early, because it usually does not cause any symptoms until its later stages. When symptoms do appear, it is easy to confuse them with other conditions such as menstrual cycles and urinary tract infections.
• Abnormal bleeding, for example, between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
• Vaginal discharge that looks or smells different than usual.
• Pelvic pain.
• Increased need to urinate

What are the causes of cervical cancer?
The human papillomavirus (HPV), which is sexually transmitted, is the main cause of most cervical cancers. When you are exposed to this virus, the body’s immune system prevents the virus from causing harm in most cases, but the virus may sometimes survive and turn some cervical cells into cancerous cells.

Studies point to the human papillomavirus, as it causes various cancers in women and men, the most important of which are: vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, penile cancer, anal and rectal cancer.

Who are the women who are eligible for infection?
Cervical cancer can affect any woman, and it can occur at a young age. However, there are a number of factors that can put a woman at risk, and increase her risk of infection, the most important of which are:
• Multiple sexual relations.
• Having a sexually transmitted disease such as human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS), chlamydia, or gonorrhea.
• Smoking.
• Obesity.
• Infection of the mother or sister with cervical cancer.
• Take birth control pills.
• Having more than three children, especially if the woman’s age at the time of her first child was young.
How is cervical cancer diagnosed?
Tests can be useful in detecting cervical cancer and pre-cancerous cells that may develop into cancer, the most important of which are:
Pap smear test: During the smear test, the doctor scrapes and brushes the cervical cells on a glass plate and then examines them in the laboratory for abnormalities. A smear test can identify abnormal cells in the neck, including cancer cells, or that show changes that increase the risk of cervical cancer.
• HPV DNA test: Cells collected from the cervix are checked for infection with any type of HPV that often causes cervical cancer.
If cervical cancer is suspected, your doctor will often start with a cervical exam, in which he uses a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope to look for any abnormal cells. During a colposcopy, your doctor takes a sample of cells from your neck (biopsy) for laboratory testing.
If the results of the initial biopsy are not reassuring, your doctor may order a biopsy under general anaesthesia, so that he or she can take a sample of your cervix large enough to make a definitive diagnosis.
If you are diagnosed with cancer, you should undergo additional tests to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. The stage of the cancer is a major factor in determining treatment. These tests include:
• Imaging tests: Computerized tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET scan) help your doctor determine the presence of cancer spreading outside the cervix.
• Cystoscopy and rectum.
How is cervical cancer treated?
Cervical cancer is very easy to treat if caught early, and the four main treatments include:
• Surgery: The goal of surgery is to remove as much of the cancerous mass as possible. In the early stages of cancer, it may be sufficient to remove the area containing the cancerous cells. For more widespread cancer, surgery involves removing the neck and other organs in the pelvis.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy kills cancer cells using high-energy rays, which can be delivered through a machine from outside the body or from inside the body using a metal tube placed in the uterus or vagina.
• Chemotherapy: which uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Doctors give this treatment in the form of runs, where the patient is given chemotherapy for a period of time and then the treatment is stopped to give the body a chance to recover.
• Targeted therapy: bevacizumab (Avastin) is a new drug that works differently from chemotherapy and radiation, by preventing the growth of blood vessels that nourish cancer and help it grow and survive. This medication is often given with chemotherapy.
What are the ways to prevent cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is one of the few preventable cancers, as a vaccine has been released to prevent infection with the human papilloma virus, which is the main factor in the occurrence of this cancer.
On the other hand, early detection of cervical cancer can be done through a smear procedure, which is an easy procedure that is carried out in the clinic. A Pap smear can reveal the presence of cell changes or abnormal cells, and it can detect the presence of cancer in its early stages where it is still easy to treat. Early detection programs recommend a Pap smear every two years.

the reviewer:

• Mayo Clinic: Cervical Cancer
• HealthLine: Everything You Need to Know About Cervical Cancer
• Medline Plus: Cervical Cancer

The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvis and is the place where the fetus grows. The lining of the uterus sheds and is renewed monthly, and the lining cells grow and multiply to replace the lost cells. In some cases, this growth is disturbed, leading to the appearance of abnormal cells, or the so-called cancerous cells.

Endometrial cancer affects the layer of cells that make up the uterine lining, and is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the muscle of the uterus, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancer is often diagnosed in the early stages, because it often causes vaginal bleeding, and if detected early, surgical removal of the uterus is often curative.

What are the symptoms of endometrial cancer?
The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, and this includes the following:
• Changes in the length and intensity of the menstrual cycle.
• Vaginal bleeding or spotting between periods.
• Postmenopausal bleeding.
• Vaginal discharge that is watery or contains little blood.
• Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis.
• Pain during intercourse.
Who are the women at risk of developing endometrial cancer?
The risk of developing uterine cancer increases with age. Most cases of cancer are diagnosed after the age of 45. Other factors include:
• Some diseases such as diabetes mellitus.
• Family history of endometrial cancer.
• Previous breast or ovarian cancer.
• Hypertension.
• The pelvic area was previously exposed to radiation.
• Changes in the balance of female hormones: the ovaries secrete two hormones, estrogen and progesterone. If the balance of these two hormones changes so that it shifts in the direction of increased estrogen, this will increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer, and this occurs in the following cases:
• Menstrual years: The more menstrual cycles you have during your lifetime, the greater your body’s exposure to estrogen. If your first period was before the age of 12 or you went through menopause later in life, your risk of uterine cancer increases.
• History of pregnancy: During pregnancy, the hormonal balance changes towards an increase in progesterone, so endometrial cancer commonly affects women who have not given birth, unlike cervical cancer, which is more frequent in women who have given birth to more children.
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): In this disease, estrogen levels are high and progesterone levels are usually low, which increases the chances of developing endometrial cancer.
• Obesity: Excess weight increases the risk of endometrial cancer because excess fat alters the balance of hormones in the body.
Some types of medications can also alter the balance of estrogen and progesterone in the body, including:
• Hormone therapy for breast cancer can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
• Estrogen replacement therapy used to treat menopausal symptoms increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, perform a pelvic exam to see and feel for abnormalities in your uterus and other reproductive organs, and may order a transvaginal ultrasound. If the doctor identifies any changes during the ultrasound examination, he or she will order one or more of the following tests to collect a sample of tissue for examination:
• Endometrial biopsy: In this test, your doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube into the uterus to take a small piece of endometrial tissue through the tube.
• Hysteroscopy: In this examination, the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a camera at the end of it into the uterus through the cervix. He uses this endoscope to visually examine the lining of your uterus and take biopsies for existing abnormalities.
• Dilation and curettage: If the biopsy samples are not clear, the doctor may collect another sample of endometrial tissue by scraping and dilation, where he dilates the cervix and uses a special instrument to scrape the tissue from the lining of the uterus.
After collecting the tissue sample, it is sent to the laboratory to see if it contains cancerous cells. If it is confirmed that you have endometrial cancer, your doctor will often order other tests to see if the cancer has spread, such as blood tests, X-rays, CT scans of the abdomen, and others. from imaging examinations.
What are the ways to treat endometrial cancer?
Treatment options for endometrial cancer include:
• Surgery: Surgery is the best option. Surgeons remove the uterus, and the ovaries and fallopian tubes may also be removed. In some cases, surgery involves removing nearby lymph nodes if there is a suspicion that they are infected. In the early stages of endometrial cancer, surgery is considered completely curative.
• Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be applied from outside the body, or by placing radioactive materials in the uterus or vagina.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. The drugs may be in pill form or given intravenously.
• Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy works to change the levels of hormones in the body, which slows down the growth of cancer cells. The doctor may suggest hormonal treatment for advanced stages of cancer, or if the cancer has returned after treatment, and it is often combined with chemotherapy.

The C125 antigen test, which is one of the tumor markers, can be performed in many cases, one of which is endometrial cancer, and this antigen is elevated in the laboratory, so it cannot be relied upon to make the diagnosis. On the other hand, it is considered a good examination to follow the progress of treatment and relapse, if it occurs.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: Everything You Need To Know About Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
• Mayo Clinic: Endometrial Cancer
• Medline Plus: Uterine Cancer
• National Cancer Institute: Endometrial Cancer Screening (PDQ®)–Patient Version

The body’s cells are in constant motion, dividing and multiplying to replace damaged and lost cells. When the body loses control over its own cells, these cells begin to multiply pathologically, forming a tumor mass.
Cancer may affect any member of the female reproductive system, some of them show early symptoms, while others are delayed in diagnosis. Unfortunately, the symptoms of ovarian cancer are delayed, making treatment difficult.

What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
It is easy to overlook the early symptoms of ovarian cancer because they are similar to other common diseases or because they tend to come and go, and they include the following: a feeling of bloating and abdominal pain, a feeling of early fullness, and an increased frequency of urination.

Later, as the disease progresses, other more obvious symptoms begin to appear, including:
• Digestive symptoms such as indigestion, constipation, and heartburn.
• Symptoms related to hormonal disturbances, such as menstrual irregularities, or bleeding after menopause.
• Low back pain.
• Painful intercourse.
• Dermatomyositis (a rare inflammatory disease that can cause skin rashes, muscle weakness and sore muscles)
Unfortunately, most of these symptoms are associated with many causes, and they often go away with simple treatments such as painkillers. As the tumor grows, the symptoms will recur more severely, prompting the patient to see a doctor, and then the cancer will most likely have spread outside the ovary, making it more difficult to treat effectively.
Why does ovarian cancer occur?
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but some factors may increase your risk:
• Family history of ovarian cancer, in fact less than 5% of ovarian cancer is linked to genetic conditions, but you should be careful if your mother, sister or daughter has had ovarian cancer previously.
• A personal history of breast cancer, uterine cancer or colon cancer.
• Obesity.
• The use of some fertility drugs or hormonal treatment that contain estrogen.
• Absence of a previous pregnancy story.
• Endometriosis.
• Age. Ovarian cancer tends to occur in women after menopause, and it rarely affects young women.
How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
If your doctor suspects you have ovarian cancer, he or she will likely recommend a pelvic exam. A pelvic exam can help your doctor detect abnormalities, but small ovarian tumors can be very difficult to feel.
The doctor may also perform the following tests:
• Transvaginal ultrasound: It is used to detect tumors in the reproductive organs, including the ovaries, but it cannot determine whether these masses are healthy or cancerous.
• Computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis (CT Scan) can show tumors and masses well, and some doctors may use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instead.
• Blood tests to measure the levels of carcinomatous antigen 125 (CA-125): It is a tumor marker that is found in high quantities in the blood of a woman with ovarian cancer, and gives an indication of the possibility of infection. In many other conditions, C125 is elevated, so it is not high enough to make a diagnosis, but it is widely used to assess response to treatment in ovarian and other reproductive cancers.
• Biopsy: This is the only way your doctor can confirm that you have ovarian cancer and determine the type of cancer cells.
After making the diagnosis, the doctor may order a chest x-ray to assess the spread of the tumor to the lungs, and laparoscopy is useful to know its spread within the abdominal cavity.
What are the ways to treat ovarian cancer?
Treatment depends on how far the tumor has spread. The treatment plan includes one or two of the following:
• Surgery: Surgery is the main treatment for ovarian cancer. The aim is to remove the tumor, but it is often necessary to remove the entire uterus. The doctor may also recommend removing both the ovaries, fallopian tubes, nearby lymph nodes, and other pelvic tissues, to ensure that no cancerous cells are left in the abdomen.
• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
• Modern treatments such as hormonal therapy that inhibits tumor growth, and targeted therapy that reduces tumor perfusion and prevents its nutrition while causing minimal damage to healthy cells in the body.

Are there methods for early detection of ovarian cancer?
It is much easier to treat ovarian cancer when it is diagnosed in the early stages, but it is not easy to detect it early, as the ovaries are located deep within the abdominal cavity, so it is not easy to feel the presence of a tumor, and its symptoms are very similar to many common diseases.
There’s no routine diagnostic test for ovarian cancer, and cervical smears aren’t helpful in detecting ovarian cancer, so it’s important to tell your doctor about any frequent or unusual symptoms.

the reviewer:

• HealthLine: What are the Early Signs of Ovarian Cancer and How Do You Detect Them?
• Mayo Clinic: Ovarian Cancer
• Medline Plus: Ovarian Cancer
• Foundation for Women’s Cancer: Ovarian Cancer